The female ideal biotype is not a static concept it constantly changes influenced by fashion, cultural trends, age, ethnicity, and other tendencies. There is a clear structural and functional division of the fat layers: A superficial, dense-packed with a vertical and organized structure metabolically stable less prompt to changes with the weight variations A deep fat layer separated by the Scarpa’s fascia, containing a less organized fat tissue where most of the fat is deposited.Ģ1.2 Steady versus Fluctuating Beauty Standards In females, a peri-umbilical fat pad deepens the navel and obscures its borders. In athletic males, a sharp rim is usually present at the upper border of the umbilicus, whereas the lower border is less well defined. The umbilicus lies within a defect in the linea alba at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra. The Thoracic arch forms an angle of about 90 degrees in males and 60 degrees in females being more rounded in males due to the highest tendinous intersection of rectus abdominis medially. The muscular intersections divide the muscle into segments that create individual muscular bellies otherwise commonly referred to as the six-pack. The surface anatomy can be easily palpated in slim patients. Inferiorly is covered only on its anterior surface by the rectus sheath, and above the arcuate line is covered on both sides by the rectus sheath. It is a vertically oriented pair of strap muscles that run along the central part of the anterior abdominal wall arising from the pubic symphysis, crest, and pecten of the pubis and goes upwards to insert into the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of the fifth to seventh ribs. The abdominal contour identity is given mainly by the appearance of the “rectus abdominis” muscle. 21.1 Female versus Male Anatomy: Landmarks, Planes, and Superficial Anatomy
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